<p>Sileru River is a tributary of Sabari River. It originates in Andhra Pradesh and also flows through Odisha before merging with Sabari. Sabari river crosses the border into Andhra Pradesh to merge with Godavari river. Sileru  river joins Sabari river at tri-junction boundary point of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha.</p><br>
<h2>Hydro power potential</h2><br>
<p>Sileru river has huge potential of hydro electricity generation which has been substantially harnessed by constructing Machkund (120 MW), Balimela (510 MW), Upper Sileru (240 MW), Donkarayi (25 MW) and Lower Sileru hydro (460 MW) power projects. Chitrakonda (60 MW) hydro project located at the toe of Balimela earth dam is planned to utilise the head available across the earth dam.</p><br>
<h2>Irrigation potential</h2><br>
<p>The water released from the Balimela power station is used for irrigation in the Potteru tributary basin of Sabari in Odisha. At present the water released from the other power stations is not useful to irrigation needs except during lean flow period in main Godavari river for the requirements of Godavari delta. Uttarandhra region can create huge irrigation potential with the perennial water supply from the available water storages in Seleru river basin. The mid lands of East Godavari district can get augmented water supply by diverting Sileru river water from Donkarayi reservoir (310 m MSL) towards east of Eastern Ghats by constructing 35 km long tunnel with enhanced power potential. Similarly, mid lands of Vishakhapatnam District, Vizianagaram district and Srikakulam district can get augmented water supply by diverting Sileru river water from Guntawada weir (head works of Upper Sileru power station) at 410 m MSL towards east by constructing 30 km long tunnel with enhanced power potential. The diverted water of Sileru river to the east can also be used to supply water to the Polavaram left bank canal and Visakhapatnam city&#39;s continuous drinking water needs when water level is not adequate in Polavaram reservoir during non monsoon months.</p><br>
<p>The water released from the Lower Sileru power station can be diverted to Yeleru reservoir by gravity with a 70 km long tunnel to create additional irrigation in East Godavari district. Part of the water released by Lower Sileru power station can also be used for the planned Lower Sileru irrigation scheme located in Sileru and Sabari basins.</p><br>
<p>Lake Chesdin  is a lake in south-central Virginia, on the border of Chesterfield County and Dinwiddie County and going upstream into Amelia County. It provides water and power to the region. It is also a popular fishing area and is known to have great opportunities for largemouth bass. It is also known to have populations of crappie, bluegill, walleye, striped bass, channel catfish, gizzard shad and white perch.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Today, The dam and the reservoir are located in the Appomattox watershed at the political boundary of Chesterfield, Amelia, and Dinwiddie Counties. The boundary between Chesterfield and Dinwiddie Counties divides the dam and the reservoir into two almost equal halves. The crest of the dam is about 840 feet long, and the reservoir has a drainage area of about 1,333 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Chesdin Reservoir was created in 1968 by construction of the George F. Brasfield Dam on the Appomattox River. Lake Chesdin was built to supply water to Dinwiddie, Prince George and Chesterfield counties, along with the cities of Colonial Heights and Petersburg. In the fall of 1960, these five municipal governments in the Petersburg tri-cities area came together to pass an ordinance establishing the Appomattox River Water Authority (ARWA)</p><br>
<p>Once the dam project was completed in 1967, the river’s flow filled the pool behind it to create Lake Chesdin</p><br>
<h2>Source of Water and Power For the Region</h2><br>
<p>The Dam is overseen by the ARWA. Based on the last yield study the total storage volume of Lake Chesdin was 9.66 billion gallons (BG) with a safe yield of approximately 41.3 million gallons per day (mgd).</p><br>
<p>To provide a municipal water supply, the city of Petersburg, Virginia purchases water from ARWA Since Lake Chesdin was built in the late 1960s, silt has build up on its bottom has reduced the amount of water the lake can hold by one-and-a-half billion gallons. In addition, a run-of-river hydroelectric facility is located at the dam, which involves power generation whenever the flow over the spillway exceeds 150 cfs or 1-1/4” flow depth over the spillway.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<h3>Largemouth Bass</h3><br>
<p>Lake Chesdin is known as an excellent fishery for largemouth bass. It has some that are over 20 in long.</p><br>
<h3>Crappie</h3><br>
<p>Lake Chesdin is home to both varieties of crappie found in Virginia. Though the crappie population has been declining, due to increased competition for food with white perch, some exceed 10 in. The lake record was caught April 19, 2001. It weighed 4 lb. 18 inches. Angler....David Collins. DeWitt, Va</p><br>
<h3>Bluegill</h3><br>
<p>Bluegill are also commonly found in Lake Chesdin, but due to competition for food from other species, few exceed 7 in.</p><br>
<h3>Walleye</h3><br>
<p>Though walleye are not stocked often in Lake Chesdin, it has some up to and exceeding 7 lb.</p><br>
<h3>Striped Bass</h3><br>
<p>One of Lake Chesdin&#39;s most notable species of fish is the striped bass, with some reaching 25 lb. They are regularly stocked.</p><br>
<h3>Channel Catfish</h3><br>
<p>Lake Chesdin has a great population of channel catfish. These catfish can be found in abundance in the lake ranging from 2 to 6 lb.</p><br>
<h3>White Perch</h3><br>
<p>There is an abundance of white perch in the lake. They are one of the most numerous fish in the lake and can reach up to 10 in.</p><br>
<p>The Pizes de Cir  is a mountain range in South Tyrol, Italy. They are part of the Dolomites, north of Gardena Pass. The highest peak of this mountain range is the Gran Cir with an elevation of 2592 meters.</p><br>
<h2>Gran Cir</h2><br>
<p>The first tourist ascent to the peak took place on 7 August 1887 by Johann Santner and Gottfried Merzbacher from the west side. Today the Gran Cir is accessible via the normal route, a path not requiring climbing experience. The way leads first through a gravel field, then along a wall and high up to the summit. In some places, the way is secured with a wire. The top is marked with a large cross.</p><br>
<h2>Piccola Cir</h2><br>
<p>The peak of the Small Cir Piccola Cir has an elevation of 2520 meters. This peak is east of Gran Cir, close to the mountain station of the Dantercepies cable car. The top is marked with a small cross. It can be reached via a relatively easy via ferrata(B/C). The path leads, secured, from the eastern side to the summit, and then unsecured on the western side down again through a gravel field.</p><br>
<h2>Vicinity</h2><br>
<p>From the Cir pass it is possible to descent to the Val Longia through the Val de Chedul, north of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>From Gardena Pass the Pizes de Cir can be reached via different paths.</p><br>
<p>Below the ridge, at an elevation of 2220 meters, is the Jimmyhütte.</p><br>
<h2>Panorama</h2><br>
<p>The Dreiherrnspitze , at 3,499 m above mean sea level, is a mountain on the tripoint between the Austrian states of Salzburg and Tyrol , and South Tyrol in Italy. It is part of the Venediger Group in the Hohe Tauern range of the Central Eastern Alps and the Alpine divide.</p><br>
<p>The name is derived from the fact, that upon the 1271 partition within the Tyrolean Meinhardiner dynasty, the territories of the Counts of Tyrol and the East Tyrolean estates of the Counts of Görz bordered on the lands of the Archbishops of Salzburg at the peak.</p><br>
<p>The summit is characterised by its steep rock faces to the northeast, surrounded by numerous glaciers. A first ascent was documented in 1866.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is surrounded by glaciers. To the north, at the foot of the Northeast Face, is the heavily crevassed Krimmler Kees with its jagged icefalls. To the east and south lies the Umbalkees, which climbs to a height of 3,400 metres; to the west is the Lahner Kees which extends far into the summit region. Neighbouring peaks include the Umbalköpfl, 600 metres away on the course of the prominent East Arête at and, a further 1,000 metres to the east, the 3,481-metre-high Western Simonyspitze, which is named after Austrian alpine researcher and geographer, Friedrich Simony. On the course of the Roßhufkamm ridge to the southwest and about 2,200 metres away is the Hoher Roßhuf at. Along the northwestern ridge of the main chain of the Tauern (the Tauernhauptkamm) lies the Grasleitenkopf. The nearest important settlements are the village of Kasern, 9 kilometres away to the southwest (as the crow flies) in the South Tyrolean valley of Ahrntal. Also 9 km distant, albeit to the southeast, is the Austrian village of Hinterbichl near Prägraten in the Virgental valley.</p><br>
<p>Seclusaval and Windsor Spring is a historic property in Richmond County, Georgia that includes a Greek Revival building built in 1843.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed notable historically in several ways:</p><br>
<p>for its association with the historic Windsor Spring Water Company that sold water from the spring on the property</p><br>
<p>for having a short but intact part of historic Tobacco Road, a road which connected Savannah River docks to the big tobacco plantations of the county. Tobacco was brought to the river in hogsheads drawn by mules. This road section was never paved.</p><br>
<p>for being the nucleus of a settlement of relatives of Valentine Walker, a settlement that might have been the basis for a town or city, but which remained a small family settlement.</p><br>
<p>It is also significant for the architecture of the main house on the property, Seclusaval, which is a "Sand Hills-type cottage". Sand Hills-type cottage architecture is a local, modified form of Greek Revival architecture. The form has symmetry, wide entablatures, and classic columns of the Greek Revival style. And the front doorway of the house has a rectangular transom with side lights, also consistent with Greek Revival style. But it also has a "one-story, high-pitched side gable roof, three gable dormers, and a full-facade porch" that characterize the Sand Hills variation. Seclusaval is "an excellent example" of this type.</p><br>
<p>The property has eight contributing buildings and two other contributing structures (a spring house and a pavilion). The buildings are the main house, a slave cabin, a playhouse, a well house, a privy, a pantry, a smoke house, and a barn.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Charles Towne Landing State Historic Site preserves the original site of the first permanent English settlement in Carolina. Originally opened in 1970 to commemorate South Carolina&#39;s tricentennial, this 664 acre site is home to an exhibit hall, rental facility, a natural habitat zoo, ongoing archeological excavations, miles of trails, dozens of picnic tables, a replica tall ship, six fireable replica cannon, and much more.</p><br>
<h2>Living history</h2><br>
<h3>Experimental Crop Garden</h3><br>
<p>The Experimental Crop Garden showcases crops planted by early colonists for food and profit. While offerings vary seasonally, sugarcane and indigo, two attempted cash crops, are frequently visible.</p><br>
<h3>Adventure</h3><br>
<p>Adventure is a replica of a ketch, a popular style of 17th-century cargo vessel. Similar ships carried commercial goods, foodstuffs, and even livestock between New York, Barbados, and everywhere in between. Renowned 20th century naval architect and historian William Avery Baker designed Adventure in 1969. The first Adventure served Charles Towne Landing from 1970 until 2004. The second Adventure was constructed in 2008 by Rockport Marine in Maine and sailed to Charles Towne Landing in October, 2008.</p><br>
<h3>Fortified area</h3><br>
<p>The Fortified Area of the site is bounded by a reconstructed palisade wall. Colonists constructed the original palisade wall to defend the young colony from a land-side attack from the Spanish, or their native allies. The Fortified Area also contains reconstructed earthwork fortifications and six replica cannon. The colonists mounted a battery of cannon facing the Ashley River, and a second battery defended Towne Creek (present day Old Towne Creek). Both the palisade wall and earthwork fortifications are both partially reconstructed on their archeological footprint.</p><br>
<h3>Animal forest</h3><br>
<p>The Animal Forest, a natural habitat zoo, is home to species indigenous to Carolina in the 1670s. Some of these animals, such as puma and bison, are no longer native to the South Carolina Low Country. Animals at the zoo include:</p><br>
<h4>Birds</h4><br>
<p>Great blue heron (Ardea herodias)</p><br>
<p>Brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)</p><br>
<p>Great egret (Casmerodius albus)</p><br>
<p>Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)</p><br>
<p>White ibis (Eudocimus albus)</p><br>
<p>Wild turkey (Maleagris gallopavo)</p><br>
<p>Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura)</p><br>
<p>Black vulture (Coragyps atratus)</p><br>
<p>Yellow-crowned night heron (Nyctanassa violacea)</p><br>
<h4>Mammals</h4><br>
<p>Red wolf (Canis rufus)</p><br>
<p>Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)</p><br>
<p>Black bear (Ursus americanus)</p><br>
<p>White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)</p><br>
<p>Bison (Bison bison)</p><br>
<p>Bobcat (Felis rufus)</p><br>
<p>Pumas/cougars/mountain lions (Felis concolor)</p><br>
<p>North American river otter (Lutra canadensis)</p><br>
<h3>Archaeology</h3><br>
<p>Archaeology is key to uncovering Charles Towne&#39;s history. Archaeological finds include Native American, English, and enslaved African artifacts. Professional archeology at the site began in 1967, and continues through the present day.</p><br>
<p>Ardhagiri is a hill where Hanuman temple is located. The hill is situated in Aragonda village of Chittoor district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.</p><br>
<h2>History of the temple</h2><br>
<p>The name Ardhagiri came from a incident related to Tretayuga, when Lord Hanuman was transporting dronagiri Mountain (mountain that consists of herbs for life), in night time bharat brother of lord ram thought that some mountain is going to hurt; immediately he shot an arrow on hanuman. Due to its effect, half of the mountain fell down at this place and hence, the name Ardhagiri. In the local language, it means Half Mountain (Ardhra=half, giri=mountain). From then, people started worshipping hanuman in the name of veera anjaneya swamy. Many people, till today, come from all the world to collect the medicated water in the pond, besides to the temple. The clay in the mountain contains many medicinal properties and has a power to cure many types of skin problems. The water in the pond comes from different place from the mountain, touching many roots of medicinal plants.</p><br>
<p>The Oleson Park Music Pavilion, also known as the Karl King Bandshell, is located in Fort Dodge, Iowa, United States. The pavilion is associated with Karl King, a famed composer for concert and military bands, who advocated for its construction. It was designed by Henry L. Kamphoefner, a Sioux City architect at that time, who had previously designed the Grandview Park Music Pavilion in Sioux City. It was built as a Works Progress Administration  project. The WPA paid for 85% of its construction, with the City of Fort Dodge paying the rest. The poured concrete structure was built in a Modernist style with Art Deco overtones. It rises to a height of 36 ft, and it is known for its acoustical excellence. The pavilion replaced a bandstand that was built in the 1920s in the city square. It was dedicated to King in 1976, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Liberty Hill in La Grange, Georgia, about 0.75 mi west of the Chattahoochee River in Troup County, is a Greek Revival style plantation house built in the 1830s or 1840s. The original cotton plantation owner, John T. Boykin, bought the piece of land the house is on in 1836. The house with its current 150 acre property, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Its nomination describes much of its layout as follows:Typical of many ante-bellum plantation houses along the river, Liberty Hill is a white frame Greek Revival home with four fluted Doric columns spanning the two-storey front porch. Built almost entirely from slave labor, the house followed the popular plan of many such river plantations. Consisting of two rooms separated by a central hall running the length of the house, it includes two one-storey shed rooms at the rear of the building, which were separated by an open porch."</p><br>
<p>It was deemed notable as "a significant example of an ante-bellum river plantation</p><br>
<p>that was sustained by the booming cotton industry... Built in the heyday of the South, it remained intact throughout the War and subsequent years when it has continued to be a</p><br>
<p>private residence to the present day."</p><br>
<p>The Church of St. Peter in Langford Budville, Somerset, England dates from the 15th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The red sandstone church has the capacity for about 150 people, including the north aisle which was added in 1866 to accommodate worshippers from Binden House.</p><br>
<p>The tower was added in 1509 and the south aisle soon afterwards. The church was restored in 1846 and the north aisle added in 1866. The vestry and organ chamber were added in 1873. The tower holds five bells which were re-hung as part of the refurbishment in the 1990s, which also included repairs to the roof and stonework. There is a War Memorial in the form of a brass plaque.</p><br>
<p>Until 1863 Langford Budville was a chapelry of Milverton, and in 1930 Runnington was united with the benefice.</p><br>
<p>The parish is within the Wellington and district benefice which is part of the Tone deanery.</p><br>
<p>Fourth of July Summit is a mountain pass in the Rocky Mountains of the northwestern United States, located in northern Idaho. Its elevation is 3,081 ft above sea level on Interstate 90 in central Kootenai County, east of the city of Coeur d&#39;Alene.</p><br>
<p>The summit marks the western end of the Silver Valley mining district, which extends east, along the Coeur d&#39;Alene River and Interstate 90 into Shoshone County to Lookout Pass on the Montana border.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>"Captain Mullan and his crew celebrated the 4th of July 1861 on top of this mountain as they took a break from clearing passage for the road they were building over it. Thus the current name of "4th of July pass" today.</p><br>
<p>The Mullan Road was the first wagon road to cross the Rocky Mountains to the Inland of the Pacific Northwest. It was built by USA Army Captain John Mullan between the spring of 1859 and summer 1862. It led from Fort Benton, Montana, to Fort Walla Walla, Washington Territory, and it roughly follows the path of modern-day Interstate-90 through the Rockies.</p><br>
<p>Mullan Road was designated a historic site by the National Register of Historical Places in 1975, and the American Society of Civil Engineers designated it a historic civil engineering landmark in 1977."</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn Cemetery is a cemetery and arboretum located in Toledo, Ohio. It is one of several cemeteries in the United States to have that name, and one of a few to be on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1876, it sits on 160 acre of land, 47 acre are undeveloped, and consists of 65,000 interments.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Christian Albert, (June 13, 1842– April 16, 1922) Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>James Mitchell Ashley, (November 14, 1824 – September 16, 1896), Member of the United States House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Lud Ashley, (January 11, 1923 – June 15, 2010), Member of the United States House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Walter Folger Brown, (May 31, 1869 – January 26, 1961), 49th Postmaster General</p><br>
<p>Lave Cross, (May 12, 1866 – September 6, 1927), Baseball player</p><br>
<p>Leander Clark, (July 17, 1823 - December 22, 1910), An American businessman, Iowa state legislator, Union Army officer during the Civil War, Indian agent, and namesake for Leander Clark College.</p><br>
<p>Charles Doolittle, (March 16, 1832 – February 20, 1903), Civil War general</p><br>
<p>John H. Doyle, (April 23, 1844 – March 24, 1919), Associate Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>John W. Fuller, (July 28, 1827 – March 12, 1891), Civil War brevet major general</p><br>
<p>Addie Joss, (April 12, 1880 – April 14, 1911), Baseball Hall Of Fame pitcher</p><br>
<p>David Ross Locke, (September 20, 1833 – February 15, 1888), American journalist and commentator during the American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Isaac R. Sherwood, (August 13, 1835 – October 15, 1925), Member of the United States House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Myles Thomas, (October 22, 1897 – December 12, 1963), American pitcher</p><br>
<p>Morrison Waite, (November 29, 1816 – March 23, 1888), 7th Chief Justice of the United States</p><br>
<p>Frazier Reams, (January 15, 1897 − September 15, 1971), USA Representative from Ohio&#39;s 9th District, elected twice as an independent</p><br>
<p>Samuel M. Jones, (August 3, 1846 − July 12, 1904), Progressive Era Mayor of Toledo, Ohio</p><br>
<p>Cold Fell is a hill in the west of the English Lake District. It is easily climbed from the road between Ennerdale Bridge and Calder Bridge. This road is in fact known as Cold Fell Road and is used by many Sellafield employees living in Cockermouth.</p><br>
<p>The fell is grassy and nowhere steep. The summit is very flat but offers a view of the west Cumbrian coastline and Sellafield. Cold Fell is home to a group of horses which roam freely about a number of fells in the area.</p><br>
<p>Cold Fell is the subject of a chapter of Wainwright&#39;s book The Outlying Fells of Lakeland. Unusually he does not specify a route of ascent, saying: "If, with the aid of the map only, you cannot find the top of Cold Fell, then take some good advice, old man, and pack it in." He lists the height as 955 ft.</p><br>
<p>White Bird Hill Summit is a mountain pass in north central Idaho on USA Highway 95. Located in Idaho County, it is midway between White Bird and Grangeville. The summit elevation of the highway is 4,245 ft above sea level, through a substantial cut.</p><br>
<p>The modern multi-lane highway was completed, following ten years of construction which concluded with the opening of the bridge at the base over White Bird Creek in June 1975. The treeless northbound grade climbs 2,700 ft in 7 mi, an average gradient of over 7%.</p><br>
<p>The original road was completed in 1921 and first paved in 1938, it rose slightly higher to 4,429 ft, due to the absence of a summit cut. Located to the east, the old road was twice the length and had a multitude of switchbacks ascending a treeless slope. On the present highway, the descent north of the summit is less dramatic as the grade drops less than 900 ft in the forest with few curves onto the Camas Prairie towards Grangeville at 3,400 ft.</p><br>
<p>White Bird Hill Summit marks the divide between the Salmon River and the Camas Prairie. The Battle of White Bird Canyon of the Nez Perce War occurred in the valley south of the summit in 1877. Chief White Bird was a respected leader of the Nez Perce tribe.</p><br>
<p>As far back as the early 1950s, alternatives were proposed; one in 1952 bypassed the summit and Grangeville by continuing down the lower Salmon River and then climbing up Rock Creek to Graves Creek to Cottonwood.</p><br>
<p>&lt;!--</p><br>
<h2>Video</h2><br>
<p>Kahaluu Bay is a historic district and popular recreation area on the Kona coast of the Big Island of Hawaii.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>This area has been populated for about 500 years, and in the 18th and 19th centuries was an important royal residence.</p><br>
<p>One major feature is Pa o ka menehune (which means literally "wall of the ancients"), a breakwater constructed in Ancient Hawaii that might have once enclosed the entire bay. Since construction of a heiau using the dry-stack masonry technique (uhau humu pohaku) was a major undertaking, it is unusual to find the concentration of about ten that were built on this bay.</p><br>
<p>The Kuemanu Heiau is on the north end of the bay. This was used by royalty to view surfing and as a residence.</p><br>
<p>Nearby the Keawaiki canoe landing site is popular today with local surfers.</p><br>
<p>Two ancient fishponds called Waikuaala and Poo Hawaii are still visible.</p><br>
<p>Royal Governor John Adams Kuakini had a thatched roof house, and</p><br>
<p>King David Kalākaua built a beach house in this area which has been reconstructed.</p><br>
<p>South of the bay is Hāpaialii Heiau, associated with astrological observation, built between 1411 and 1465 and restored in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Keeku Heiau was used for human sacrifice (luakini) and Kapuanoni Heiau were also built just south of the bay.</p><br>
<p>Petroglyphs thought to depict the defeat of Kamalalawalu of Maui by Lonoikamakahiki can be viewed at low tide near the temples.</p><br>
<p>Several kuula (sacred stones, said to have been brought from Maui) were monuments to the plentiful fish and Green turtles that are still found in the bay.</p><br>
<h2>More recent history</h2><br>
<p>Across Alii Drive from the bay are the stone ruins of the original Helani Church built in 1861 by Rev. John D. Paris. It was built on the ruins of the Ohiamukumuku Heiau. As the population moved inland, a new Helani Church was constructed at a higher elevation still used by the congregation today.</p><br>
<p>On the grounds of a former Kahunas house, a Catholic church officially called "Saint Peters by the Sea" was built in 1880 on Laaloa bay, and then moved to its present location in 1912, run by the Saint Michael the Archangel Catholic Church Parish.</p><br>
<p>It is commonly known as "the little blue church", and is used as a landmark for canoe races.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the Keauhou Beach Hotel was built on the point South of the bay.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was bought in 1987 for $13M by the Azabu Building Company, headed by Japanese businessman Kitaro Watanabe. Plans were to enlarge it and build a larger resort combined with the Kona Lagoon Hotel (built in 1975), and more facilities across the street, to be called the Azabu Kona Beach Resort.</p><br>
<p>There was also a botanical park called Kona Gardens on the uphill (mauka) side of the street.</p><br>
<p>However, the investors suffered financial problems in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The other properties were abandoned, reverting to the holder of the lease in 1995, the investment arm of Kamehameha Schools, which eventually also bought the remaining hotel.</p><br>
<p>In June 1996, three of the executives were arrested in Tokyo, suspected of concealing assets from creditors.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the hotel was sold again to Trinity Investments from Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The 462-room Kona Lagoon Hotel, closed since 1988, had fallen into disrepair.</p><br>
<p>Local people said the project was "cursed" because of all the sacred sites in the area, and it was torn down in 2004, with long-term plans to restore the historic sites. In 2012, Kamehameha Schools announced plans to close and eventually demolish the Keauhou Beach Hotel, and to build a cultural and educational complex on the site. The hotel closed in October 2012. As of August 2014, demolition is planned for fall 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Kalahuu Bay District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The bay is still used today by surfers, with a surf school across the street from the ancient canoe landing.</p><br>
<p>The area around the bay was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 as historic district number 74000713 in 1974. The state registry lists it as site 10-37-4150.</p><br>
<p>The south end of the bay became Kahaluu Beach County Park in 1953, a popular snorkeling spot, although the beach is rocky with some gray sand.</p><br>
<p>The parking lot is open 7am - 11pm, and lifeguards are on duty during limited hours.</p><br>
<p>The Kohala Center sponsors a program called ReefTeach to educate visitors about the preservation of the bay, and has produced some educational videos on the history of the area.</p><br>
<p>An educational festival called the Ocean Fair is held here as part of the Kona Earth Festival, associated with Earth Day.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is now called the Outrigger Keauhou Beach Resort.</p><br>
<p>Two more Heiaus on this point are being reconstructed. Directly south of this point is another historic area, Keauhou Bay.</p><br>
<p>Fort Bowyer was a short-lived earthen and stockade fortification that the United States Army erected in 1813 on Mobile Point, near the mouth of Mobile Bay in Baldwin County, Alabama. The British twice attacked the fort during the War of 1812. The first, unsuccessful attack, took place in September 1814 and led to the British changing their strategy and attacking New Orleans. The second attack, following their defeat at the Battle of New Orleans, was successful. However, it took place in February 1815, after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed but before the news had reached that part of America. Between 1819 and 1834 the United States built a new masonry fortification, Fort Morgan, on the site of Fort Bowyer.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Mobile had been a Spanish possession before the beginning of the Patriot War, but Congress had declared it American territory after commencement of the War of 1812. After Spanish forces evacuated Mobile in April 1813, the Americans built a redoubt on Mobile Point.</p><br>
<p>In June 1813, Colonel John Bowyer completed the fort. The fort, which initially had 14 guns, was made of sand and logs and fan-shaped, with the curved face facing the ship channel into Mobile Bay. On the landward side there was a bastion, flanked by two demi-bastions. The forts purpose was to impede any British invasion at this point on the Gulf Coast, as the fort commanded the narrow entrance to Mobile Bay. About a year after the forts construction the Americans abandoned it, but in August 1814, Major William Lawrence and 160 men from the 2nd USA Infantry re-garrisoned it.</p><br>
<h2>First battle</h2><br>
<p>conflict=First Battle of Fort Bowyer</p><br>
<p>The First Battle of Fort Bowyer took place in mid-September, 1814. Captain William Percy of the Royal Navy decided to attack the fort in preparation for an assault on Mobile, doing so with 60 redcoats and an artillery piece. He believed Bowyer to be a low, wooden battery mounting some six to 14 small caliber guns.</p><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>Capturing the fort would enable the British to move on Mobile and thereby block Louisiana&#39;s trade. From Mobile, the British could move overland to Natchez to cut off New Orleans from the north.</p><br>
<p>Percy took with him (22 guns), (18 guns), (20 guns; Captain Robert Cavendish Spencer), and a fourth vessel, (18 guns; Capt. Umfreville). American sources often mis-attributed the fourth vessel as, of 18 guns. Lieutenant Colonel Edward Nicolls volunteered to proceed with diversionary forces on land.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of 12 September, Percy landed Nicollss motley force of 60 Royal Marines, about 60 Indians, together with a 5½-inch howitzer, about 9 miles to the eastward. The British land force then marched against the fort and Lawrences 160 men.</p><br>
<p>A further sixty Indians, under First Lieutenant James Cassell, had been detached to secure the pass of Bon Secour 27 miles to the east of the fort, but they played no active part in the attack itself.</p><br>
<p>The American forces in Fort Bowyer, commanded by William T. Lawrence, consisted of 160 infantry, and a disputed number of cannon which ranged between 6 and 14 guns.</p><br>
<h3>Battle</h3><br>
<p>The battle began with the Americans repulsing the British land attack on 14 September. Nicolls, ill at the time, was observing on Hermes. On 15 September, after contrary winds had died down, Percy crossed the bar with Hermes, Sophie, Carron, and Childers. The fort opened fire at 3:20 p.m.</p><br>
<p>The British naval attack was unsuccessful. After two hours of fruitless bombardment, Hermes ran aground and lay helpless under the fire from the fort. Sophie&#39;s boats took off Hermes crew and Percy set her on fire; she subsequently blew up after the fire reached her magazine. The remaining ships anchored for the night some one and half miles from the fort.</p><br>
<h3>Aftermath</h3><br>
<p>The next morning they re-crossed the bar and sailed away. Hermes had lost 17 killed in action, 5 mortally wounded and 19 wounded, while Sophie had 6 killed in action, 4 mortally wounded and 12 wounded, and the Carron had one mortally wounded, and 5 wounded. In all, including the marine killed on shore (Charles Butcher), the British lost 34 killed and 35 wounded in the land and naval attacks, while the Americans lost only four men killed and five or more wounded. Percy&#39;s court-martial for the loss of Hermes concluded that the circumstances had warranted the attack.</p><br>
<p>The defeat at Fort Bowyer led the British to decide to attack New Orleans instead. However, after their defeat at the Battle of New Orleans, the British decided to try again to take Mobile.</p><br>
<h2>Second battle</h2><br>
<p>conflict=Second Battle of Fort Bowyer</p><br>
<p>The Second Battle of Fort Bowyer was the first step in a British campaign against Mobile, but turned out to be the last land engagement between British and American forces in the War of 1812. However, hostilities between land and naval forces did not end until late March, following the American capture of HMS Cyane, HMS Levant and HMS Penguin from mixed crews of Royal Navy sailors and Redcoats of the Royal Marines.</p><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>After the unsuccessful British attack in September 1814, American General Andrew Jackson, recognizing Fort Bowyer&#39;s strategic importance, ordered the fort strengthened. Now its garrison comprised 370 officers and men of the 2nd Infantry Regiment, and Jackson proclaimed "ten thousand men cannot take it".</p><br>
<p>Still, British General John Lambert decided to attack Mobile again. The British troops came from the 4th, 21st (Royal North British Fusiliers), and 44th, who had fought at New Orleans. The commander of the naval forces was Captain T.R. Rickets of the 74-gun third-rate. Captain Spencer of the Carron was among the sailors landed near Mobile, and was second in command of the naval party. The bomb vessels and Meteor were present during the siege of Fort Bowyer in February 1815.</p><br>
<p>When the British captured the fort, they discovered that it mounted three long 32-pounders, eight 24s, six 12s, five 9s, a mortar, and a howitzer. However, Fort Bowyer&#39;s weakness was its vulnerability to an attack from the landward side.</p><br>
<h3>Battle</h3><br>
<p>The British campaign began with an investiture of Fort Bowyer. On 8 February, Lambert landed a force of around 1,000 men seven miles east of the fort. The Royal Engineer Colonel Burgoyne surveyed the fort and decided on the method of attack. That night a 100 yard parallel was dug, at the loss of 10-12 men, which in the morning was occupied by soldiers who kept up such a musket fire on the fort that the enemy could not make any effectual reply.</p><br>
<p>The next night the parallel was extended and the following night four batteries were completed. The troops brought with them four 18-pounder cannons, two 8-inch howitzers, three 5½-inch and two 4.4-inch mortars. In addition to these eleven conventional artillery pieces, landed Lieutenant John Lawrence&#39;s 25-man detachment of Royal Marine Artillery with several Congreve rocket launchers, two 6-pounder rockets, and a hundred 12-pounder rockets. While they were constructing their siege works, the British forces endured constant American fire and took light casualties, but continued undeterred. Once their guns were in place, the British were ready to launch a devastating artillery attack on the now vulnerable fort.</p><br>
<p>On February 12 after a barrage of artillery, Lambert, under a flag of truce, called on the fort to surrender. He demanded that Major Lawrence accept British terms to prevent the needless slaughter of his men. Lawrence acquiesced, surrendering Fort Bowyer after having withheld the siege for five days. An alternative history from British sources explains that on 11 February, before opening fire, Lambert called upon the fort to surrender. After negotiations, it was agreed that the Americans would leave as prisoners of war the following morning. The Governor begging for the delay "as so many of his men had got drunk". This was agreed to, with the gate of the fort moving to British control on 11 February.</p><br>
<h3>Aftermath</h3><br>
<p>With Mobile Bay secured by British warships and Fort Bowyer now under British control, the remaining American forces in the area hurried to Mobile to prepare for the expected onslaught there.</p><br>
<p>All British plans were cancelled when arrived on 13 February, carrying news that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed on the previous Christmas Eve. When news of ratification of the Treaty arrived, ending the war, the British withdrew.</p><br>
<p>The final attachment of Mobile to the United States, from the Spanish Empire was the only permanent exchange of territory during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>Fort Bowyer subsequently reverted to USA control. The War Department would later replace it with the more heavily fortified Fort Morgan.</p><br>
<p>Two active battalions of the Regular Army (1-1 Inf and 2-1 Inf) perpetuate the lineage of elements of the old 2nd Infantry that was present at Fort Bowyer in both 1814 and 1815.</p><br>
<p>Ib River is a tributary of Mahanadi river in North-Eastern Central India. It joins Mahanadi river flowing directly into the Hirakud Reservoir. The river originates in hills near Pandrapet at an elevation of 762 m. It passes through Raigarh district and Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh and Jharsuguda and Sundargarh District of Odisha and finally meets Mahanadi at Hirakud Dam in the state .</p><br>
<p>Ib river valley is famous for its rich coal belt, Ib Valley Coalfield. Major portions of Mahanadi Coalfields are situated on the banks of Ib. Many industries have flourished on the banks of the river Ib. The Ib valley areas are counted as one of the most important industrial zones of Eastern India. The river runs for a distance of about 252 km and drains an area of 12,447 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>There are enough sightseeing opportunities in the adjoining areas of River Ib. it is believed that the perennial river inspired several tribal groups of Chhattisgarh and Odisha to make permanent habitat on its bank in the past ages. Also there are ample folklores regarding the mythological significance of the Ib river.</p><br>
<p>Chillagoe smelters is a heritage-listed refinery at Chillagoe-Mungana Caves National Park, Mareeba Mining District, Chillagoe, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It operated in the early 1900s. It is also known as Chillagoe State Smelters. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>In its heyday the Chillagoe Smelters were the centre of a thriving mining industry that brought wealth and development to the Chillagoe area. By June 1901, when the railway was completed, Chillagoe was a flourishing town. The railway enabled equipment for the large, innovative Chillagoe Smelters to become operative by September 1901. The Chillagoe Railway & Mining Company equipped its work sites with the most up-to-date machinery and the surrounding mines at Mungana, Zillmanton and Redcap worked on a large scale. At times, the mines, railway and smelter provided employment for up to 1,000 workers.</p><br>
<p>Chillagoe Smelter operated until 1943 and in its 40 odd year lifetime treated 1.25 million tons of ore, yielded 60,000 tons of copper, 50,000 tons of lead, 181 tons of silver and 5 tons of gold. By 1943, other smelters were built closer to the then major ore producing areas such as Mount Isa. Easy access to these areas outweighed the economic usefulness of the state run Chillagoe Smelter. In 1950, the buildings and equipment were auctioned. Today the site is managed</p><br>
<p>by Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first explorer in the Chillagoe region was James Venture Mulligan on his 1874 exploration trip. Then William Atherton took up pastoral leases in 1887 and built a timber homestead on the bank of Chillagoe Creek.</p><br>
<p>John Moffat sent the first prospecting party into the area in mid 1887 and they pegged many surface shows. Mining on a serious scale began in the district in 1892 at Muldiva, where Moffat&#39;s company commenced silver production. Unfortunately a few months before the silver price crashed and the newly built smelter only operated for eighteen months. Moffat erected small exploratory smelters at Calcifer in 1894 and at Girofla (Mungana) in 1896.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, with mining developments at Mount Lyell (Tasmania) and Kalgoorlie (Western Australia) causing great interest, Moffat sought to raise large scale capital to develop the Chillagoe field. In Melbourne, the heartland of Australian mining investment, he interested a syndicate of capitalists, including James Smith Reid, in a scheme to purchase his leases, to build smelting works and to construct a private railway more than 150 km from the government railhead at Mareeba to the mines and smelter. A company called Chillagoe Proprietary Limited was formed in Melbourne and placed its proposal before the Queensland Government. Before the end of 1897, the Mareeba to Chillagoe Railway Act authorised the company to carry out its plans and granted it generous concessions.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the smelter site commenced in mid 1900 while the railway work was underway, and proceeded slowly, as all materials had to be carried overland from the advancing railhead which reached Chillagoe in August 1901.</p><br>
<p>In mid 1900 the Chillagoe Company had operating: three boilers, three steam engines (46h.p.), one active reduction works, two pumps, half a mile of two feet tramway, 2600 feet of water mains, two brick machines, one clay mill, two saw benches, one traction engine, and a dam constructed, valued at a total of £4,120. Walkers of Maryborough contracted for the iron frames of the furnaces and Jack and Newell were agents for a large amount of the smaller material for the construction of the smelters. The proposed smelting plant being erected under the supervision of J. M. Higgins (former metallurgist of Dry Creek Works, South Australia) and R. Shepherd (the construction engineer who had supervised the erection of the Mount Lyell smelters) was to treat 100 tons of ore per day and comprise six furnaces. By 1901 there were five boilers, ten steam engines (167h.p.), nine pumps, two rock breakers, one brick machine, six furnaces, four blowers, two lathes, three drilling machines, one traction engine, several small machines, one roller, and two grinders, valued at a total of £23,444.</p><br>
<p>Six furnaces were blown in on 13 October 1902, but did not run freely, treating only 8,129 tons of ore for five ounces of gold, 367 tons of copper, 15,721 ounces of silver, valued at £23,792, and the works were shut down for reconstruction of the company. A major problem was the lack of ore which was only being obtained from Redcap and Calcifer. The company had hoped to receive ore from Mount Garnet also. Managers changed frequently, Frederick Back in 1903 and Thomas James Greenway in 1904. In the early years of operations the Chillagoe smelter treated lead ore from Girofla mine and Torpy&#39;s Crooked Creek silver lead mine, producing 17,661 tons of lead and 357,196 ounces of silver in 1904. The converters were blown in on 21 January 1905.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 the Huntingdon-Heberlein process plant was erected at a cost of £60,000. Extensive excavations were done and rails laid to ore bins on the hill opposite the main smelters. The process flow involved - rock breaker, converter kettles for 12 hours desulphurising process, then to the lead furnaces. A new electric plant was also installed.</p><br>
<p>A new lead furnace was blown in on 21 January 1908. However, in 1908 there was hardly a mine operating outside of the company mines as an outcome of wage increases with the emergence of unions and declining copper prices. The new copper furnace was blown in on 20 February 1908 and the converter plant was operating effectively by early March that year. Much better lead recoveries were noticeable after the second converter was introduced into the line, and ores had to be preliminarily roasted as well. At a cost of £70,000 the Chillagoe Railway and Mines Company Pty Limited could treat sulphide ores from its Mungana mines as well as public ore. They could also treat the Penzance (Redcap), Boomerang (Calcifer) and Calcifer slag dump material, along with self-fluxing mixture with Ruddygore ore. To achieve this the company had to extend its tramline from the Chillagoe railway at Harper Siding to the Boomerang and Calcifer slag dump.</p><br>
<p>By 1909 the lead price had fallen markedly and the Huntingdon-Heberlein plant had to be partially shut down.</p><br>
<p>A fourth blast furnace was installed in 1909 to treat the copper ore. A larger air-blowing machine also improved the copper smelting. A heavy duty horizontal compound condensing steam engine with duplex air cylinders could blow two converter stands at once. A new high pressure motor-driven air compressor supplied air to the pneumatic ram used for relining converter vessels. A DC generator was ordered for the motors and lighting. The ore sampling floor was doubled in capacity. A high-lift motor-driven centrifugal pump for pumping furnace jacket water was added. A new sample crushing office was attached with electric motors driving the pulverizers.</p><br>
<p>Ore supplies locally were poor in 1910 and ore was scavenged across the Etheridge Goldfield to supply Chillagoe smelters. The roasting furnaces were supplied with all the Etheridge gold mine dumps, the copper smelters worked on sintered Havelock residues, along with Mungana copper-lead oxides and clean lead ores from the Lady Jane, Girofla and Etheridge mines. Overhead central flues were fitted over the copper and lead furnaces.</p><br>
<p>Heavy rain on the Etheridge watershed washed away the Tate and Lynd River railway bridges and the Chillagoe smelters had to close between 19 April and 3 May 1911. Copper smelting only operated for half the year. The copper furnace was remodelled in May 1911 with extra battery jackets replacing the brick shaft. The forehearths of cast iron were also replaced by riveted mild steel. The tanks were lined with chrome bricks. A 42-inch Dwight-Lloyd unit for the palate sintering process was completed by November 1911. However a large part of the smelter, including an electric crane, was destroyed by fire. The damage was quickly repaired and the smelter recommenced in February 1912.</p><br>
<p>Sixty feet of the main stack dust flue collapsed in May 1912. Rebuilding was completed by 13 June. A temporary chimney was used for the lead smelters only. In early June 1912 the Chillagoe lead smelter was closed down and 50 men laid off. The water jacket on the copper smelter burst and copper smelting also closed down. The lead smelter resumed on 2 August 1912 and the copper smelter on 4 September 1912. Both furnaces ran until October when the coke ran out. The Huntingdon- Heberlein furnace was out of commission. The roasting works operated solely on Mungana sulphide ores and on ore from Torpy&#39;s Crooked Creek mine. The Chillian mill (No.8 ball mill) operated on the fine ores.</p><br>
<p>In 1913 the smelters operated only intermittently. The company had men cleaning flues and working in the railway workshops. Union efforts to obtain a 44-hour week were also influential in the closure. Above all, the fall in company profits determined a bleak future for the Chillagoe smelters. The receipts for 1912 were insufficient to pay even the interest on the debentures. In February 1914 J. S. Reid approached the Queensland Government for £30,000 assistance. The Government refused and the company closed the smelters immediately. The mining press lamented the continual failures of the Chillagoe company in its history.</p><br>
<p>The smelters remained closed from March 1914 until January 1920. This was the World War I boom time for metal prices and other copper smelting companies, especially in the Cloncurry district, experienced the greatest prosperity they had ever known while Chillagoe was closed.</p><br>
<p>In July 1915, six weeks after the election of the Ryan-Theodore Labor Government the Chillagoe Company approached the Government about the sale of the railway. By Christmas the Government had found the possible means of funding upgrading of the smelters and mines by a mortgage over the railway. The agreement between the Queensland Government and the debenture and shareholders had to be passed by Parliament. The Legislative Council rejected the first bill and a second one was introduced in November 1917. The bill passed in November 1918, four days after the Armistice which ended the metals boom, and gave title to the Queensland Government over the railway for £661,000, smelters £30,000, Einasleigh mine £9,000, mining plant and machinery £1,000.</p><br>
<p>Peter Goddard was appointed Manager of Chillagoe smelters on 22 April 1919 for three years at a salary of £1,500 per annum. The smelters were administered by the Minister for Mines under the State Enterprises Act 1918 and under the Chillagoe and Etheridge Railways Act 1918.</p><br>
<p>Smelting recommenced in January 1920 with one copper and one lead furnace in blast. The smelters settled into a steady run of seven years production, drawing their copper ore supplied from Einasleigh mine and lead ore from the Girofla mine at Mungana. Metal prices continued to decline.</p><br>
<p>The State acquired the Mungana mines in 1922 and consolidated their smelter ore supplies. In 1921, the sole remaining asset of the old Chillagoe Company, the Mount Mulligan coal mine was shut by an underground explosion which killed all 75 miners underground and finally ruined the company. It was wound up in 1923 and the State acquired the coal mine only to discover that the coke works which had been under construction for years were useless as the coal was not suitable for coking.</p><br>
<p>Ore supplies continued to be a problem after the Einasleigh mine closed in 1922 and the Girofla and Lady Jane mines were handed over to tributers in 1926. Ore came via railways in varying parcels from all over North Queensland and the Cloncurry field</p><br>
<p>The 1920s were a controversial period with wide dissatisfaction and local rumour surrounding the involvement of Peter Goddard (mine manager), Dunlop (mining warden), William McCormack (Queensland Treasurer), and Fred Reid (mine owner), in corrupt activities at the Chillagoe smelters and the mines. Opposition parliamentarians asked numerous questions in Parliament and after the election of a conservative government in 1929 and the appointment of Ernest Atherton, as Mines Minister, a Royal Commission was established to investigate the operations of the Chillagoe smelter and mines. (Atherton was a former Chillagoe and O.K. butcher, an Almaden ore-buyer and member of the Chillagoe pastoral family.) The smelters were re-opened in October 1929 while the Royal Commission into the Mungana affair (as it became known) was underway. The subsequent litigation against Ted Theodore, William McCormack, Reid and Goddard in the Supreme Court in 1931 destroyed the political careers of both Theodore, then Federal Treasurer, and McCormack.</p><br>
<p>Despite the uneconomic returns, the smelters continued to operate. In 1932 Chillagoe produced its highest ever annual copper output of over 3,000 tons, but 1933 was the last year of lead production from stockpiled ores. Coke costs at Chillagoe were brought down after 1933 when the Bowen State coke works opened, but this relief was not enough to offset the falling copper price.</p><br>
<p>The Chillagoe State smelters were being run as an instrument of the State&#39;s welfare policy, to create work in the depressed mining districts.</p><br>
<p>World War II saw a surge in base metal prices. In 1942 the Australian government conducted a review of base metal production throughout Australia, and in the cold light of wartime emergency, the Chillagoe smelters showed up badly. As a run-down, forty year old smelter which made a loss every year, operating at less than a quarter of its planned capacity, with more than half its ore being railed nearly a thousand miles from the Cloncurry mineral field, it could not be allowed to survive. The controller of Mineral Production directed Mount Isa Mines to commence producing copper and this occurred in April 1943. The Chillagoe smelters closed for the fourth and final time in July 1943.</p><br>
<p>By the time of the final closure the total debt was over £453,451, the figure on 31 March 1940 when the Co-ordinator General decided not to spend any more money on the Chillagoe smelters from the Income (State Development) Tax funds. The files on the disposal of the smelters equipment and machinery record the official dispersal of items on the smelters site. Small machines and tools went to the Collinsville State Coal Mine in 1946 and secondhand bricks were sold off to private buyers. Part of the smelters were dismantled in 1949 and delivered to other departmental operations. The Queensland Government wrote off the figure of £2,832 on 30 June 1954 when the only remaining assets were an unsaleable building valued at £50 and the annual rent of a horse paddock for £10.</p><br>
<p>Since then the site has only been utilised for collection of slag for use as ballast on the Chillagoe and Etheridge Railways, and since the 1970s by tourists. There have also been unsuccessful mining lease applications in the 1980s to use the slag for sand blasting material.</p><br>
<p>The Chillagoe smelters produced copper in 37 of the years between 1901 and 1943 and lead in 25 of those years. The smelters total production can be summarised as follows:</p><br>
<p>Ore treated 1,250,000 tons Copper production 60,000 tons Lead production 50,000 tons Silver production 6,500,000 ozs Gold production 175,000 ozs</p><br>
<p>A million tons of slag (as a minimum estimate) was poured onto the dump at Chillagoe. Chillagoe never made a profit in any year and the smelters probably lost their two owners a total of between four and five million pounds.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The main smelter area contains the steel column mounts of two blast furnaces and evidence of two additional furnace mounts. A steel gooseneck flue atop the western furnace mount has recently collapsed. The most visible features of the area are a long brick flue which formed the base of the smelter shed charge floor before ascending the hill to the main smelter chimney. This brick chimney, which is round in section, dominates the smelter works and the township. The top of this chimney has been damaged by lightning strikes and is in poor condition.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the main smelter area is the power house, workshops and water softener plant foundations. The power house chimney is octagonal in section and is the most intact of the three brick chimneys at the site. The top of this chimney has recently been stabilised as part of a conservation program. Adjacent to the west of the blast furnace site is a matte re-heating furnace and four converters.</p><br>
<p>The lead sulphide pre-treatment area, which is opposite the main smelter area, contains furnace foundations and plant remains for roasting and sintering, including a Dwight-Lloyd sintering plant, Edwards roasters, Huntington Heberlein plant, and the site of an original Edwards roaster furnace adjacent to a third brick chimney, known as the roaster chimney, which is round in section. Remains of a crusher are alongside the chimney.</p><br>
<p>From the smelter and pre-treatment areas the surface of a large slag dump extends eastward to the bank of Chillagoe Creek. A concrete weir and foundations of a pump house are situated on the creek. Evidence of the smelter housing precinct lies across the creek from the slag dump. One family house survives in situ. Railway formations and earth embankments extend west from the smelter and pre-treatment areas to Smelter Junction on the Cairns-Mungana line. The foundations of an assay office, general office, stores, weighbridge and railway workshops are located in this area.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Primary crusher parts</p><br>
<p>No 5 Gates Gyratory Breaker & Krupp rolls</p><br>
<p>4 Copper converter vessels</p><br>
<p>Blast furnace steel mounts - Walkers Ltd.</p><br>
<p>3 Blast furnace vats (none in situ)</p><br>
<p>Virginia firebricks</p><br>
<p>roaster chimney</p><br>
<p>Huntington Hebelein plant</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Chillagoe Smelters was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Chillagoe smelters are significant in Queensland history as an important element in the great age of mining industry from 1870 to 1914 which opened North Queensland to settlement by Europeans. For much of the period from 1901 to 1943 the Chillagoe smelters and their ancillary industries were major components of the economic activity of the Cairns hinterland.</p><br>
<p>"... the legacy of this grandly inept company was the infrastructure of an entire mineral industry which the State could never have afforded to build for itself, and which functioned in the public interest for over twenty years at very little capital cost. Under both the company and the State, the Chillagoe venture created thousands of jobs, provided railway transport over enormous distances, and kept mines and businesses open throughout the north. Although the Chillagoe smelters never once made a profit, the multiplier effects radiating from them were responsible for a significant proportion of North Queensland&#39;s prosperity for nearly fifty years. In the last years the smelters were deliberately being run at a loss by the State in order to continue this economic role in the wider community".</p><br>
<p>Its operation as a State enterprise is significant in its regional history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The size, scale and evidence of, now rare, smelting processes are preserved in the physical remains at the Chillagoe smelters. The three tall brick chimneys surviving at the site are unique as a group. The slag dump is the largest remaining in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>There are only a small number of mining sites in Queensland historically comparable to Chillagoe - Mount Morgan, Mount Isa, Mount Perry and Mount Elliott, and only Chillagoe retains the evidence of the smelting process.</p><br>
<p>Although the site has been stripped of most of its plant, what remains is sufficient to interpret the operation of the smelters, working conditions and health and safety considerations at Chillagoe.</p><br>
<p>The smelter site has strong visual and social associations with the Chillagoe township and functional associations with the railway. The location of the smelter is enhanced by the topography between ridges and creek.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Chillagoe smelters are an excellent demonstration of the technology of mineral (copper, silver, lead and gold) smelting at the turn of the century, when up-to-date plant was, assembled and then modified repeatedly between 1901 and 1911 to meet local conditions.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Chillagoe smelters are associated with the careers of mining entrepreneurs, John Moffat and J. S. Reid, with the development of the Amalgamated Workers Association, and with the political affairs of Labor leaders, William McCormack and Edward Theodore, whose careers were ruined by the Mungana Affair.</p><br>
<p>Culham Inlet is an inlet located in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. The inlet is also referred to as a coastal salt lake or a transient estuary, as the sand bar that prevents it discharging is almost always closed. The wetlands formed by the system are DIWA listed due to their ecological significance.</p><br>
<p>The inlet is located on the eastern flank of East Mount Barren in the Fitzgerald River National Park and is approximately 7 km West of Hopetoun.</p><br>
<p>The inlet is a wave dominated estuary with a degraded catchment, that is a result of substantial clearing and a saline run-off. It covers a total area of 11.3 km&sup2;. The lagoon area is shallow with a typical maximum depth of 2 m with a record depth of 4.5 m recorded after exceptional rainfall. Two rivers discharge into the inlet, the Phillips and the Steere.</p><br>
<p>The inlet is separated from the Southern Ocean by a bar of dunes between 30 m to 40 m wide. The dunes are breached intermittently, breaking naturally in 1849, 1872, 1993 and 2000 and artificially in 1920, each time for a period of 3 to 4 weeks.</p><br>
<p>The inlet was a river valley prior to 6,500 years ago when a rise in sea levels caused the valley to flood, it would have remained an open estuary until 3,500 years ago when the sand bar at the entrance built up to such a degree that discharge into the ocean was prevented. Then further dune building occurred so that breaks became less frequent.</p><br>
<p>The area periodically supports a large array of flora and fauna. It is used as a commercial fishery and supplied large catches of Black Bream. The waters also support populations of smaller endemic species such as Goby and two Hardyheads.</p><br>
<p>A large population of waterbirds is also found in the area with up to 25 species being recorded in the inlet.</p><br>
<p>The inlet was named by John Septimus Roe, who named the inlet in 1848 after the Toodyay homestead of his son in law, Samuel Pole Phillips.</p><br>
<p>The Grace Church Complex is a historic Episcopal church complex in Massapequa, Nassau County, New York. The complex consists of the church, surrounding parish cemetery, the Floyd-Jones family cemetery, and the DeLancey Floyd-Jones Free Library. The small church was built in 1844 and remodeled in 1905. It is a frame structure on a brick foundation and consists of a vestibule, nave, and chancel. It is in the Gothic Revival style and features a square bell tower with modest spire. The church also has Tiffany glass windows added during the remodeling. Sometime after 1983, the old Grace Church was given to the Historical Society of the Massapequas.</p><br>
<p>The DeLancey Floyd-Jones Free Library was built in 1896 and is a two-by-two-bay one-room structure that served as the only public library in Massapequa for 60 years. The library was founded and built by DeLancey Floyd-Jones (1826–1902). Initially, the library, which Col. Floyd-Jones gave to Massapequa along with an endowment, was open three days a week and had enough space on its shelves to accommodate up to 2,500 books.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It may include two structures that are Oyster Bay municipal landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The Teffedest Mountains are a mountain range in southern Algeria. They are part of the Hoggar Mountains , located in the Sahara.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Teffedest Range is about 120 km long in a north-south direction. Unlike the rest of the Hoggar Mountains, which are composed mainly of dark volcanic rock, the Teffedest is composed of pale granite. There are ancient cave paintings on some rock walls of the range. Dunes are rare in the area of this range.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of the Teffedest is the In Akoulmou. The impressive Garet el Djenoun, located at the northern end of the range, is one of the most conspicuous peaks of the range.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The Teffedest Mountains have been habitat to the last relict population of painted hunting dog (Lycaon pictus) within Algeria, although the species is now deemed by some to be extirpated from Algeria, due to habitat destruction by humans and by ongoing desertification.</p><br>
<p>The Most Holy Redeemer Church is located at 1721 Junction Street in Southwest Detroit, Michigan, within the West Vernor-Junction Historic District. The church was once estimated as the largest Roman Catholic parish in North America. West Vernor-Junction Historic District is adjacent to Mexicantown and contains a growing Mexican community and resurgent neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The parish contains a longstanding elementary school, along with the Detroit Cristo Rey High School, which has operated since 2008 at the location of the former Holy Redeemer High School.</p><br>
<p>As in the other Southwest Detroit neighborhoods, such as Springwells Village, West Vernor Highway is the main commercial thoroughfare. Churches, parks, recreation centers, and theaters anchor neighborhoods such as the West Vernor-Junction intersection that Holy Redeemer parish dominates.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Hollywood movie The Rosary Murders (1987), starring actor Donald Sutherland, prominently featured the church and the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Assembly Hall, also known as Serio House, de France House, and Fletcher&#39;s Tavern is a small tavern built in 1808 in Washington, Mississippi. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and designated a Mississippi Landmark on March 21, 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1802 a political rivalry between the Democratic-Republican Party and the Federalist Party led to the relocation of Mississippis then territorial capital. The Democrat-Republican government elected to move the capital from the Federalist-leaning Natchez, Mississippi to the more rural Washington, Mississippi; however, no capitol building was ever built. Meetings of the states general assembly were held in the tavern, then owned by Charles de France. Upon admission of the state in 1817, the first state convention was held in the tavern, while all subsequent conventions before 1820 were held in Natchez.</p><br>
<p>Spring Valley Summit is a mountain pass in southwestern Idaho, United States, at an elevation of 4242 feet  above sea level on State Highway 55, the Payette River Scenic Byway.</p><br>
<p>It is located in southwestern Boise County, south of the city of Horseshoe Bend, 1600 vertical feet (490 m) below. The summit marks the divide between the Payette River and Boise River drainage areas. The new multi-lane grade of Highway 55 into Horseshoe Bend was completed in fall 1991; the old curvier road is to the west, long plagued by landslides and closures. Of the major grades from Boise to north Idaho, it was the last to be improved. The other three, all on USA 95, were White Bird Hill (1975), Lapwai Canyon (1960), and Lewiston Hill (1977).</p><br>
<p>The north side of the summit is also known as "Horseshoe Bend Hill."</p><br>
<p>The local landmark (43.8569&deg; latitude, -116.2229&deg; longitude) is in the valley between the roads, facing the older routing.</p><br>
<p>The romanesque red sandstone Church of St Thomas of Canterbury in Cothelstone, Somerset, England dates from the 12th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>It was largely restored in 1864. It includes memorials to the Stawell family including: Sir Matthew de Stawell, died 1379, and his wife Elizabeth, and John Stawell, died 1603, and has been supported by the Esdailes family who have been more recent lords of the manor.</p><br>
<p>The church is closely associated with Cothelstone Manor which is also a listed building. Services are held each week using the 1662 Book of Common Prayer.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Bishop&#39;s Lydeard with Lydeard Saint Lawrence, Bagborough, Combe Florey and Cothelstone within the archdeadonry of Taunton.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Since 2000 significant repair work has been carried out. In 2002 the tower and porch were repointed. In 2006 the roof tiles were removed, new felt put underneath, the original tiles put back and the guttering repaired to keep out the west country weather. In 2008 the church was rewired, the lighting added to and the under-pew heating replaced with a modern equivalent.</p><br>
<p>All the above was paid for with nearly £45,000 raised within the parish, two small grants from sympathetic charitable trusts, a small contribution from the Diocese of Bath and Wells and an overseas donation from the Esdailes. Further renovation work is planned to the vestry, which is at the bottom of the tower, and the provision of a lavatory.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Peter & St Paul in Combe Florey, Somerset, England has some remains from the 13th century but is mostly from the 15th century and is designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church is built of Old Red Sandstone with Hamstone around the windows and doorways. It has a three-bay nave with north aisle and west three-stage tower. The chancel is of Victorian construction. The interior includes several monuments, one of which is attributed to John Michael Rysbrack, and three stone effigies which date from the 14th century.</p><br>
<p>Sydney Smith was rector of the Church of St Peter and St Paul from 1829 until his death in 1845.</p><br>
<p>Auberon Waugh is buried in St Peter and Paul&#39;s churchyard. Evelyn Waugh is buried in a private plot of land next to the churchyard.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican parish is part of the benefice of Bishop&#39;s Lydeard with Lydeard Saint Lawrence, Bagborough, Combe Florey and Cothelstone within the Taunton archdeaconry.</p><br>
<p>The Hochgall is a mountain of the Rieserferner group in the High Tauern. the summit is in South Tyrol, Italy, just 500 m from the Austrian border.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>For the Austrian land survey of 1853-1854, Hermann van Acken and guides/helpers from the Defereggen valley climbed the mountain in the summer of 1854 from the East and over the NE ridge. Under "life-threatening conditions", they placed a signal on the 3371/3354 m sub-peak where the summit ridge departs from the watershed (and the current Austrian-Italian border). The party reached the summit from Sankt Jakob in Defereggen in 10 hours. A few years later Paul Grohmann interviewed one of the guides, who told him that some of them had continued to the highest summit. This was confirmed when the second party to climb this route (in 1876!) found a climbing stick not far below the main summit.</p><br>
<p>This ascent was not well-known, and when 14 years later Karl Hofmann and V. Kaltdorff visited the Defereggen valley, they understood from the locals that the mountain was unclimbed and unclimbable. Not able to hire guides, they hiked over the Klammljoch north of the mountain to Rein in Taufers where they found Georg Weiss und Hans Oberarzbacher, who two years earlier had first ascended the Schneebiger Nock, willing to guide them up. On 3 August 1868 the party reached the main summit over the NW ridge via the Middle Rieserferner. This route was repeated in 1871, and with variations in 1873 and 1875.</p><br>
<p>The complete West face was first climbed in 1879 and an ascent over the South face from Antholz only succeeded in September 1890, by Hans and Georg Niederwieser, guiding Carl Luber.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Michael at Raddington in the parish of Chipstable, Somerset, England, dates from the 13th and 14th centuries and has been designated as a grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The 13th century tower was restored in 1695 and rendered in the 20th century. Two of the four bells which hung in the tower until around 1971 were cast in the 1370s. The windows date from the 14th or 15th century, as do the bells, which were renovated and re-hung in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Under the plaster on the walls of the nave are wall paintings. The chancel screen dates from the 14th century. The font is of a 13th-century Purbeck type. The carved bosses in the roof include a green man.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Wiveliscombe and the Hills within the deanery of Tone.</p><br>
<p>Eaglenest Mountain  is a mountain located 2 miles south of Maggie Valley, North Carolina in Haywood County. It is part of the Plott Balsams, a range of the Appalachian Mountains, and less than a mile south of North Eaglenest Mountain, a higher mountain which used to be called Mount Junaluska and is the highest mountain overlooking Lake Junaluska from the southwest. The closest town that is accessible by road is Hazelwood. Hazelwood was absorbed into the larger incorporated Town of Waynesville in 1995.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, S. C. Satterthwaite of Waynesville, North Carolina, which was 5 miles away, built the Eagle Nest Hotel at an elevation of 5050 feet. The location was a mountain range he called The Junaluskas, on a peak called Mount Junaluska, since named North Eaglenest Mountain. The hotel was destroyed by a fire of undetermined origin on April 22, 1918.</p><br>
<p>"Green Leaves", historically the Koontz House, is a Greek Revival mansion in Natchez, Mississippi, completed in 1838 by Edward P. Fourniquet, a French lawyer who built other structures in the area. It was purchased by George Washington Koontz, a local banker in 1849 and has been owned by his descendants ever since. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  on March 29, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The house is best recognized for its preserved family memorabilia and furnishings. The NRHP listing documentation notes that although it is "a somewhat static setting" externally, "the interior design of the house is notable for both its excellence and integrity". It includes not merely many period architectural features but also period decoration and contents, which together make it "one of the most valuable national documents of mid-nineteenth century taste". It is one of several historic buildings in Natchez which adopted the Greek Revival style and which maintain significant historic interiors. The NRHP presumes the construction date 1836, but later evidence determines 1838. An adjacent building which served as a kitchen and servants&#39; quarters was later adjoined to the house by the Koontzes. Koontz moved into the area from Pennsylvania in 1836 and joined in business partnership with William Audley Britton that same year. The bank, named Britton & Koontz Bank, merged with Home Bancorp, Inc., a Lafayette, Louisiana banking company in 2014.</p><br>
<p>North Eaglenest Mountain is a mountain located less than 2 miles south of Maggie Valley, North Carolina in Haywood County. It is part of the Plott Balsams, a range of the Appalachian Mountains, and less than a mile north of Eaglenest Mountain. It used to be called Mount Junaluska and is the highest mountain overlooking Lake Junaluska from the west.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, S. C. Satterthwait of Waynesville, North Carolina, which was 5 miles away, built the Eagle Nest Hotel at an elevation of 5050 feet. The location was a mountain range he called The Junaluskas, on a peak called Mount Junaluska. The hotel was one of the two hay fever resorts in western North Carolina, the other being Cloudland on Roan Mountain, and it had room for 100 guests (although tents could be used if the hotel filled up) and a view of Plott Balsam. " good wagon road" reached the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Medway or the Medway Plantation is a plantation in Mount Holly, South Carolina within Berkeley County, South Carolina. It is about 2 mi east of USA Route 52 from the unincorporated community of Mount Holly, which is directly north of Goose Creek, South Carolina. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jan Van Arrsens, the Seigneur of Wernhaut (also "Weirnhoudt"), led a small group of settlers from Holland to the province of Carolina around 1686. He built his house on the Back River, which was formerly called the "Meadway" or "Medway" and is a tributary of the Cooper River. Van Arrsens died soon after his arrival and was buried at Medway.</p><br>
<p>His widow, Sabrina de Vignon, married Landgrave Thomas Smith around 1687, which made Smith one of the wealthiest men in the Province. Sabrina Smith died in 1689 and was buried at Medway. Thomas Smith was appointed governor of the Province of Carolina in 1693. He died in 1694 and was also buried at Medway.</p><br>
<p>After his death, the plantation went to his son, Thomas Smith II. In 1701, Smith sold it to Edward Hyrne. When Hyrne failed to pay the mortgage in 1711, it reverted to Thomas Smith II. It was sold numerous times in the 18th century. Eventually, it was purchased by Theodore Samuel Marion, who was a nephew of Francis Marion, member of the South Carolina Provincial Congress and a prominent figure in the American Revolution. In 1827, it passed on to his grandson, Theodore Samuel DuBose. In the period 1833 to 1835, Dubose sold it to his brother-in-law Peter Gaillard Stoney, who also owned the West Point Rice Mill in Charleston.</p><br>
<p>During Stoneys ownership, Medway Plantation was productive winter and summer. In the summer, rice was the principal work. During the winter, brick-making was a major activity. Medway and other plantations in the area produced "Carolina Grey" bricks from the local clay along the river bank. Medways bricks were used in constructing buildings in Charleston and were some of bricks used to build Fort Sumter. The plantation also produced timber and some naval stores. Finally, the plantation was used for recreational hunting.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, it was purchased by Samuel Gaillard Stoney, who was a nephew of Peter Gaillard Stoney. A son of Samuel and Louisa Stoney, also named Samuel Gaillard Stoney (1891–1968), wrote Plantations of the Carolina Low Country, other books on the architecture of the South Carolina Lowcountry, and coauthored books of Gullah stories.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, Medway was purchased by Sidney and Gertrude Legendre. Gertrude Sanford Legendre is best known for her experiences as a big-game hunter and as an Office of Strategic Services employee. She was the first American woman captured in World War II. After about six months&#39; captivity, she escaped to Switzerland. Gertrude died in 2000 and was buried at Medway.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Although the tradition was that Van Arrsens built the core of the house,</p><br>
<p>The house that Jan Van Arrsens built on the Medway River burned, either in 1692 or in the early 18th century after the Hyrnes bought it. The house was rebuilt using the remaining foundations and walls. This house had stepped Dutch gables. The house had entrances facing the river and on the landward side. The house was made of locally produced handmade brick that did not have the quality of bricks produced in later periods. The poorly made bricks were patched with oyster shell stucco. The house is believed to have had three rooms on the main floor.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Samuel DuBose added another story to the house in 1827, which made it a -story house. Peter Gaillard Stoney expanded the house by building an unsymmetrical wing toward the west in 1855. The house was expanded again by adding two rooms toward the east prior to 1875.</p><br>
<p>The house was damaged in the 1886 Charleston earthquake. The house was repaired by 1900. Samuel Gaillard Stoney rebuilt the stepped gables in 1906. Louisa Stoney restored the lawn and gardens. The Legendres revived the plantation and redecorated the house.</p><br>
<p>The original Dutch design of the house has been retained. Floor plans of the house have been published. These include a probable plan for the original house built by Van Arrsens and/or Hyrne and the current house.</p><br>
<h2>Medway today</h2><br>
<p>Gertrude Sanford Legendre set up the Medway Environmental Trust to manage the plantation as a nature preserve.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Lawrence in Lydeard St Lawrence, Somerset, England dates from 1350 and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Bishops Lydeard with Lydeard St Lawrence, Bagborough, Combe Florey and Cothelstone within the archdeaconry of Taunton.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The manor was granted to Taunton Priory by Simon de Florey in the late 12th century with the patronage later being held by the Portman family during the 17th and 18th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The chancel and nave of the church are from the original construction; however the north aisle, three-stage west tower, and north and south porches were added in the 15th century. The church underwent Victorian restoration in 1869.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The church includes a 14th-century piscina and a screen from the early 16th century.</p><br>
<p>The font is inverted with the original bowl being at the bottom and a new bowl carved into the top surface which was originally the base. Local legend says this was due to anger among local residents at John Venn for signing the death warrant of Charles I. They did not wish for their children to be baptised in the same font, however it is more likely to have been following damage to the font during restoration works.</p><br>
<h2>Churchyard</h2><br>
<p>In the churchyard is the remains of a church cross dating from the 14th century. The shaft is octagonal and made from red sandstone. There is also a Ham stone chest tomb inscribed to John North who died in 1721 and Grace North who died in 1759. There are also several unidentified tombs from the 17th and 18th centuries.</p><br>
<p>Madangad is a fort in the Nashik region of Maharashtra, India in the Kalsubai range.</p><br>
<h2>Fascinating Spots</h2><br>
<p>Unlike Alang fort, top of the fort is a relatively small and tilted plateau. On the fort, there is a caves and 2 water cisterns. There are no man made structure, building remnants over the fort. Alang, Kalasubai, Aundha Fort, Patta and Bitangad are to the east of the fort, Harihar, Trymbakgad and Anjaneri to its north and Harishchandragad, Aajobagad, Khutta (pinnacle), Ratangad and Katrabai to its south and Kulang on the west.</p><br>
<h2>Ways To Reach</h2><br>
<p>Igatpuri/Kasara-Ghoti-Pimpalnermor-Ambevadi route. First reach Kasara station which is on Nashik-Kalyan route. Take a cab for Rs. 1200/- which will drop you at Ambewadi or Samrad. From Samrad hire a local guide for Rs.1500/ per 10 persons. The guide will manage 2 breakfast, 3 meals and all necessary equipment( ropes, carabiners, harness etc.) for ascending and descending.</p><br>
<p>Alang, Madan and Kulang are situated in same region and are beside each other in the same range of mountains. To reach Alang or Madan, go to Kasara or Igatpuri and then Ambevadi by the Igatpuri/Kasara-Ghoti-Pimpalnermor route. There is a bus service from Ghoti to Ambevadi. Ambevadi is 32 km away from Ghoti. A bus is available at 6 a.m. from Ghoti to Ambevadi. We can easily see Alang, Madan and Kulang from there. From Ambevadi, a way goes to the ridge between Alang and Madan, which may take up to 3 hours. From the ridge, the fort visible on the left is Alang, while the one on the right is Madan.It takes 2 to 3 hours to reach at the top of Madan from the col. There are three parts of climbing the Madan.</p><br>
<h3>Walk from ridge to steep rock patch</h3><br>
<p>This parts has valley exposed narrow patches of walk which makes the trek unique and adventurous. Steps are bit small and have exposed valley on one side at Madan. Walking on steps at Madan becomes challenging if you are carrying too much of volume i.e big ruck and sleeping mat, as if sleeping mat collides with rock wall on one side of steps, because of pressure push you on the side of valley. You reach to next step, steep rock patch in around 30 to 45 minutes.</p><br>
<h3>Rock patch of around 40 ft</h3><br>
<p>You have to climb the rock path of around 40 ft with the help of ropes, harness, carabiners etc. It might take 30 minutes to 1 hour to set up the ropes and get whole group up. This is the thrilling part of the trek. Since Madan has only one route to climb and descend, same patch you will have to descend.</p><br>
<h3>Steps to reach top after rock patch</h3><br>
<p>After the rock patch is climbed the path takes a western detour through a very narrow ridge.These are the most dreaded and continuous small steps engraved into the forts top part. Top part of fort looks like like a single giant rock in the arial view. These steps are not even and quite small which makes difficult to climb and very difficult to descend. This part takes around 30 to 45 minutes. Again it makes difficult to walk with lot of volume in this part of climb.</p><br>
<h3>Ghatghar via Ghoti-Bhandardara</h3><br>
<p>Another way towards fort is from Ghatghar. Go via Ghoti-Bhandardara. From there, in 2½ hours, one can come to the third cavern.</p><br>
<p>Via Bhandardara from Udadvade. Another way towards the fort is via Bhandardara from Udadvade gaon. From here you reach till a plateau and then there are two routes to go to Madan. On first and mostly taken route, climb the Alang fort on the left and descend down via rappelling 80 ft rock patch on the other side of fort to reach common ridge point. Though this is difficult route, it is preferred to visit the Alang on day one, stay there at night and to do Madan trek on the second day by descending.</p><br>
<p>Second route is reach directly to the common ridge point for Madan and Alang, keeping Alang fort wall on the left.</p><br>
<h2>Accommodation Facility</h2><br>
<p>There is one cave on the fort can accommodate 30 people.</p><br>
<h2>Food Facility</h2><br>
<p>You have to carry with your own.There is absolutely no fire wood on the top.</p><br>
<h2>Drinking Water Facility</h2><br>
<p>Unlike Alang and Kulang, which have around 10 to 15 cisterns each respectively, Madan has only 2 relatively small water cisterns.</p><br>
<h2>Time To Reach</h2><br>
<p>To reach at the top of Madan one has to climb the rock patch which might take time. It takes 2–3 hours to reach at the top of Madan from Alang fort.</p><br>
<h2>Precautions</h2><br>
<p>This trek is not for the beginners or the people who get scared by height.It is better to be tied with sling to common rope while traversing. There are incidences of honey bee attack on the traverse so avoid use of Deo, scent or fragrant soaps and smoking cigarettes.</p><br>
<p>Pilot Knob is located in the Arcadia Valley of Iron County, Missouri, between the towns of Ironton and Pilot Knob.</p><br>
<p>Pilot Knob, so named because of its distinctive shape and prominent position, reaches an elevation of 1,470 ft rising 581 ft above the Arcadia Valley floor and has a large deposit of iron ore in its upper regions. Pilot Knob is a peak in the St. Francois Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was heavily mined in the 19th century, leaving many open mine workings. The summit of the mountain consists of the 90 acre Pilot Knob National Wildlife Refuge which is the home for nearly one-third of the world&#39;s population of Indiana bats. The bats hibernate in the abandoned mine workings. Pilot Knob Ore Company donated the land for conservation purposes after ceasing its mining operations on July 22, 1987. Currently the Pilot Knob National Wildlife Refuge is closed to the public to protect habitat for the endangered Indiana bat. There is an eight-foot-tall (2.44 meters) chain link fence around 40 acre of the land for safety reasons, keeping individuals away from the open mine shafts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The rock formation is approximately 1450 million years old.</p><br>
<p>Based on notes and writings of three individuals who traveled with a band of Spanish Conquistadors and explorers, the first Europeans to see the Arcadia Valley and Pilot Knob would have been Hernando DeSoto and his army as it crossed Missouri in September 1541. Specifically, the date being September 7. They reportedly crossed some mountains and came into the region where Ironton is now located. There they found a good salt spring for making of salt cakes. The next day the armys stragglers caught up to the main body where Pilot Knob is now located. The following day de Sotos band departed the area, moving towards present day Lesterville.</p><br>
<p>By 1800 members of the Algonquian peoples of Native Americans (Indians) had moved into the area with a village of the Delaware Tribe established at the base of Pilot Knob. This village existed as late as 1819. In the late 1830s during the infamous forced relocation march named the Trail of Tears the Cherokee Tribe came through the valley.</p><br>
<p>The completion of the Iron Mountain Railroad all the way to the town of Pilot Knob in 1857 provided easy the transportation of iron ore mined from the Pilot Knob to the growing St. Louis. During the Civil War, with a looming invasion of Missouri by the Confederate Army under the command of General Sterling Price, the Union constructed and manned Ft. Davidson, an earth work fortification near the base of Pilot Knob in the small town of Pilot Knob. In September 1864 the invasion materialized and the Battle of Fort Davidson (also called The Battle of Pilot Knob) was fought in the valley below Pilot Knob.</p><br>
<p>During the years before Pilot Knob was closed to the public, one could hike to the top and experience a blast of cool air flowing out of one of the mine shafts nicknamed the Devil&#39;s Icebox. In the early 20th century Easter Sunrise services were held on the top of Pilot Knob.</p><br>
<p>Church of Our Saviour, Friend of Children, also known as Holy Angels Roman Catholic Church, is a church located on North Shore Road on Sugar Island, near Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1978 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Michael G. Payment was born in Montreal in 1814. In 1827 he moved to Detroit and became involved in business. Payment undertook trade with the local Ojibwe people, establishing a successful trading post. Beginning in 1853, Bishop Frederic Baraga was a frequent visitor to the settlement, and in 1856 Baraga purchased lumber and requested that Michael Payment construct a church at the site. Payment complied, and the building was completed in 1857.</p><br>
<p>Michael Payment returned to Detroit in 1874, until it closed in 1953. The church reopened in 1982 for services in the summer. It is the last remaining structure from Payment&#39;s Landing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Church of Our Saviour, Friend of Children is a single story frame structure sitting on a fieldstone foundation. The exterior was originally clad in clapboard, but at some time weatherboarding was installed over the original siding. The church has a gable roof with a square, pyrimidal-roofed belfry at the top. Each side has three windows, and one end has an entry portico below a plain wooden cross.</p><br>
<p>The Coliseum Theater, a former cinema in Seattle, Washington, opened January 8, 1916. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, When it opened, it was advertised as "the world’s largest and finest photoplay palace." In 1931, the Journal of the Royal Institute of Architects called it "the first of the world&#39;s movie palaces."</p><br>
<p>The exterior features elaborate terra cotta work, and the original interior was comparably ornate. When it opened in the silent film era, it boasted a 7-piece orchestra plus an organist; the giant organ was made by Moller, and the musicians—all Russians—were reputed to be the highest-paid movie theater musicians in the country. Anita King attended the opening night to give a speech dedicating the theater.</p><br>
<p>The Coliseum continued as a first-run theater into the late 1970s, and continued to show films until 1990. In 1995, the building was rehabilitated as a Banana Republic clothing store.</p><br>
<p>Camperdown Country Park, often known as just Camperdown Park, is a public park in the Camperdown area of Dundee, Scotland. The park comprises the former grounds of Camperdown House, a 19th-century mansion, which was bought by the city in 1946. Camperdown Park is home to a wildlife centre and recreational facilities. It is the largest park in Dundee, stretching to 400 acre. Over 190 species of tree are found in the park.</p><br>
<p>Camperdown House is "the largest Greek Revival house remaining in Scotland." It is protected as a category A listed building, and the park is included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant parks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Camperdown estate was originally known as Lundie, and was bought by Alexander Duncan in 1682. A 16th-century house stood on the estate at this time. Several members of the family served as Provost of Dundee during the 18th century. In 1797, during the French Revolutionary Wars, Admiral Adam Duncan (1731–1804) commanded the Royal Navy fleet that defeated the Dutch at the Battle of Camperdown. He was rewarded by being raised to the peerage as Viscount Duncan.</p><br>
<p>In 1820, his son Robert, 2nd Viscount Duncan, commissioned William Burn to design a new house in the Greek Revival style. The earlier house was demolished, and the new house was completed in 1828. Lord Duncan renamed the house and estate Camperdown in memory of his fathers victory, and in 1831 he was created Earl of Camperdown by William IV. The parklands surrounding the house were laid out by Lord Camperdown, with the assistance of his forester David Taylor, who along with his son planted most of the estates trees between 1805 and 1859.</p><br>
<p>After the death of the 4th Earl of Camperdown in 1933, the earldom became extinct, and Camperdown was inherited by a cousin, Georgiana, widow of the 7th Earl of Buckinghamshire. On her death in 1937, the contents were sold, and the house followed, being bought by the Corporation of Dundee in 1946. Camperdown Country Park officially opened to the public in 1949.</p><br>
<h3>Camperdown Elm</h3><br>
<p>Camperdown is notable in horticulture as the origin of the Camperdown Elm (Ulmus glabra Camperdownii), a short, broad, "weeping" variety of elm. The tree was discovered in around 1835-1840 by Lord Camperdowns head forester, David Taylor, who noticed a mutant contorted wych elm branch sprawling along the ground. The earls gardener produced the first Camperdown Elm by grafting it to the trunk of a normal wych elm (Ulmus glabra). Every Camperdown Elm is from a cutting taken from that original tree and is grafted on a U. glabra trunk.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<h3>Wildlife Centre</h3><br>
<p>The Camperdown Wildlife Centre is home to over 300 animals, The bear enclosure has been enlarged since the incident, and there are now two different bears at the park.</p><br>
<h3>Golf course</h3><br>
<p>Camperdown Country Park has an 18-hole golf course. It is 6548 yards in length. It was opened in 1959 and became a very popular golf course. During the 1970s the course held the British Police Championship, and (with the Downfield Golf Course) the Scottish Stroke-Play Championship.</p><br>
<p>Banner Creek Summit is a mountain pass in central Idaho, at an elevation of 7,037 ft above sea level on State Highway 21, the Ponderosa Pine Scenic Byway. It is located on the border of Custer County and Boise County, also the border of the Challis and Boise National Forests, immediately northwest of the Sawtooth Range.</p><br>
<p>Banner Creek Summit also marks the divide between the Salmon River and Payette River drainage areas. The highway follows Banner Creek, a tributary of the Middle Fork of the Salmon River, on the north side of the summit, and Canyon Creek (South Fork - Payette River) on the south side.</p><br>
<p>In road distance, the summit is about midway between Stanley and Lowman. This section of SH-21 is usually not maintained during the winter months, due to light traffic and heavy snowfall.</p><br>
<p>The Vasse-Wonnerup Estuary is an estuary in the South West region of Western Australia close to the town of Busselton. The estuary is listed with DIWA. It was also recognised as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention on 7 June 1990 when an area of 1115 ha was designated Ramsar Site 484 as an important dry-season habitat for waterbirds. It is also the main part of the 2038 ha Busselton Wetlands Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The estuary is wave dominated and has been severely modified from its natural state. The site of the Vasse and Wonnerup Floodgates that regulated the flow of water in the estuary from about 1907 inadvertently created the freshwater wetland, were listed on the Western Australian Register of Heritage Places in 2005. The estuary covers a total surface area of 17.8 km&sup2; with the central basin having an area of 7.5 km&sup2; In winter, wide areas of open water are fringed by samphire and rushes. Paperbark woodland occurs behind the samphire belt, with eucalypt woodland on higher ground.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment</h2><br>
<p>The catchment of the estuary is 52% cleared and is used primarily for crops and pastures but also for plantations. The waters are susceptible to pollution from run-off as houses in Busselton have been built adjacent to the estuary. The Abba River, Ludlow River, Sabina River and Vasse River all discharge into the estuary.</p><br>
<p>The catchment covers a total area of 961 km&sup2; and is part of the Geographe Bay catchment. The coastal plain area is composed of sandy and duplex soils that are easily water-logged. An extensive drainage network has been constructed to protect Busselton and Wonnerup from flooding and to create agricultural land.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>It is estimated that over 20,000 waterbirds use the estuary as habitat with over 80 species of waterbird being found. Some of the species found in the area include black-winged stilt, banded stilt, Australasian shoveller, Australian shelduck and the red-necked avocet. The largest breeding colony of black swans in Western Australia (over 150 pairs) is in the estuary.</p><br>
<h2>Fish kills</h2><br>
<p>Fish kills have occurred in the estuary in 2009, 2011 and 2013. In the 2013 event an estimated 7,000 fish died over the course of two days, calling into question the health of the waterway. It is thought that low flows, poor water quality and high phosphorus levels were to blame. Rainfall washed nutrients downstream to the estuary then a warm spell sparked the growth of algae depleting the water of oxygen, killing the fish.</p><br>
<p>Kaylana Lake is located 8 km west of Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India. It is an artificial lake, built by Pratap Singh in 1872. The lake spreads over an area of 84 km. In ancient times this region had palaces and gardens made by two rulers of Jodhpur - Bhim Singh and Takhat Singh. These were destroyed to make Kaylana Lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake is situated between igneous rock land formations. It receives its water from Hati Nehar (translation: elephant canal), which is further connected to the Indra Gandhi canal. The natural vegetation here mostly consists of Babool trees (Acacia nilotica), and various migratory birds such as Siberian cranes are seen here in the winter season. The city of Jodhpur and all the surrounding towns and villages depend on Kaylana lake as a source of drinking water.</p><br>
<p>The Sherlock River is a river in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. It was named on 11 July 1861 by the surveyor and explorer Frank Gregory while on expedition in the area.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river rise from numerous springs on the Abydos Plain below the Mungaroona Range near the western edge of the Mungaroona Range Nature Reserve then flows in a northerly direction past the Chichester Range and then continuing North. The river crosses the North West Coastal Highway near Mount Fraser before discharging into Sherlock Bay and the Indian Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The river forms a large estuary at the river mouth with an area of 89.7 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>Major pools exist along the length of the river including; Coonanarrinna Pool and Weedeemilegener Pool.</p><br>
<p>The main riverbed is very wide and is mostly dry, with a minor ocean outlet from a large salt marsh estuarine area that contains small areas of mangroves.</p><br>
<p>Jbel Lakhdar  is a small mountain or hill in Morocco.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Its name means "the green mountain". Its summit is 687 meters high. During the French protectorate, there was a triangulation pillar marking that the height at the top was 893 m.</p><br>
<p>This mountain forms the natural border between regions of Doukkala to the west and Rahamna to the east.</p><br>
<p>Jbel Lakhdar may be considered as a low, distant foothill of the Atlas mountains in the direction of the Atlantic Ocean towards El Jadida.</p><br>
<h3>Local traditions</h3><br>
<p>The neighbouring tribes of Oulad Ahmed, Oulad Jerrar and Rahamna used to climb to the summit for a minor pilgrimage on the Day of Arafa. Known as "pilgrimage of the poor", this custom ended in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Pastures for cattle and sheep are used by neighboring rural communities and by shepherds from Rahamna. Limits for grazing are agreed by communities, but can be disputed in the years of drought. As its name suggested, Jbel Khedar is the last "green point" when rainfalls are scarce. Nearby villages are deserted by their inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>No touristic venture exists in the area, though there are mountain leisure opportunities and also historic centers to be seen in the area such as Dar Caïd Tounsi.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Climbing is rather easy, although there is no trail. It lasts one hour and a half. The summit line is horse-iron-shaped and one can follow it easily. Views on four sides are :</p><br>
<p>Northerly: Plain of Rahamna to Soukhour Ar-rahmna</p><br>
<p>Easterly: to the High Atlas and Djebilet (small mountains parallel to High Atlas)</p><br>
<p>Southerly: to region of Youssoufia</p><br>
<p>Westerly: Plain of Doukkala</p><br>
<p>Dyleň  is a mountain in the Karlovy Vary Region of western Bohemia, located roughly 100 m from the Czech Republic–Germany border. At 939 m above sea level, its summit is the second highest peak in the Upper Palatinate Range .</p><br>
<p>Local tradition holds that Napoleon Bonaparte declared Tillenberg the geographical center of Europe in 1813.</p><br>
<p>The German name lent itself to the title of the epic poem Der Tillenberg: Ein Sagenschatz aus dem Egerlande (A Treasure-tale from the Egerland) published in 1904 by Ernst Freimut (pseudonym of Johann (Hans) Sommert).</p><br>
<p>On its summit is a set of prominent buildings. These were used by the Soviet Union for electronic espionage into Germany during the Cold War. Now it&#39;s radio and television transmission tower.</p><br>
<p>Mount Prophet is a steep and remote mountain in the North Cascades of Washington state. Located between several isolated valleys west of Ross Lake and east of the Picket Range, the mountain was named in reference to Tommy Rowland, a "religiously fanatic" prospector who lived by the Skagit River in the late 19th century. Because of its difficult-to-access location, few people have attempted to climb Mount Prophet.</p><br>
<p>Ringed by the separate valleys of the two Beaver Creeks and Arctic Creek, the mountain rises steeply from the valley floor, which gives it a prominence of over 4,000 ft. It is the 18th most prominent peak in Washington state. Several trails lead to drainages near the mountain, the closest of which is the Little Beaver-Big Beaver Loop, a distance of roughly 26.5 mi.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby mountains</h2><br>
<p>Mount Terror</p><br>
<p>Mount Fury</p><br>
<p>Mount Blum</p><br>
<p>The Sterling Hill Mine, now known as the Sterling Hill Mine Tour & Museum of Fluorescence, is a former iron and zinc mine in Ogdensburg, Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. It was the last working underground mine in New Jersey when it closed in 1986. It became a museum in 1989. Along with the nearby Franklin Mine, it is known for its variety of minerals, especially the fluorescent varieties. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mining began at the site in the 1630s, when it was mistakenly thought to be a copper deposit. George III of the United Kingdom granted the property to William Alexander, titled Lord Stirling. Stirling sold it to Robert Ogden in 1765. It went through several owners until the various mines were combined into the New Jersey Zinc Company in 1897. The mine closed in 1986 due to a tax dispute with the town, which foreclosed for back taxes in 1989 and auctioned the property to Richard and Robert Hauck for $750,000. It opened as a museum in August 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The ore bodies at the Sterling Hill mine lie within a formation called the Reading Prong massif; the ores are contained within the Franklin Marble. This was deposited as limestone in a Precambrian oceanic rift trough. It subsequently underwent extensive metamorphosis during the Grenville orogeny, approximately 1.15 billion years ago. Uplift and erosion during the late Mesozoic and the Tertiary exposed the ore bodies at the surface; the glaciers of the Pleistocene strewed trains of ore-bearing boulders for miles to the south, in places creating deposits large enough to be worked profitably.</p><br>
<p>In the area of the Franklin and Sterling Hill mines, 357 types of minerals are known to occur; these make up approximately 10% of the minerals known to science. Thirty-five of these minerals have not been found anywhere else. Ninety-one of the minerals fluoresce.</p><br>
<p>There are 35 mi of tunnels in the mine, going down to 2,065 ft below the surface on the main shaft and 2,675 ft on the lower shaft. The mine remains at 56 &deg;F constantly.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The tour spends about 30 minutes inside the Exhibit hall which contains a wide variety of mining memorabilia, mineralogical samples, fossils, and meteorites. It then leads into the mine for a 1,300 ft walk on level ground through the underground mine. The walk goes through a new 240 ft section called the Rainbow tunnel which they blasted in 1990 using 49 blasts and at a cost of $2 a foot. In the Rainbow room, short wave UV lights are turned on to demonstrate the entire tunnel and various samples glowing with fluorescence.</p><br>
<p>The mine is also home to the Ellis Astronomical Observatory, the Thomas S. Warren Museum of Fluorescence, and a collection of mining equipment.</p><br>
<p>The museum periodically arranges public mineral collecting sessions as well as more private and behind the scene events for local geology clubs.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee and Pacific Railroad-Albert City Station, also known as the Albert City Depot, was built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad  in 1899 to serve the farms around Albert City, Iowa. The railroad built the line from Des Moines to Spencer, Iowa, in 1899 to serve local agriculture. Albert City was platted the same year. The depot was built for passenger service as well as freight.</p><br>
<p>The depot is rectangular wood-frame building with a two-story section that held the passenger waiting room and station agents office on the ground floor and the station agents apartment on the second floor. Attached to it is a single-story section that held the freight room. A large bay extended from both the agent&#39;s office and upper-floor apartment on the track side, allowing the agent a clear view down the tracks.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the depot and the surrounding property were sold to a company that wished to build a grain elevator. The town of Albert City and the local historical society purchased the depot and moved it to its present location next to the historical society&#39;s museum.</p><br>
<p>The depot was listed in the National Register of Historic Places due to its association with the development of Albert City.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Freight House, known locally as The Freight House, is a historic building in Downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Freight House was built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (The Milwaukee Road) in 1917 in response to the increased freight traffic in Davenport before the country entered World War I. It was built on the levee near the Mississippi River. The railroad built the Crescent Rail Bridge with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad to the west in 1901, and they joined in building Union Station across Ripley Street in 1924. Railroad freight factored in the development of the citys wholesale and retail commercial economy from the 1890s onward. Because of Davenports location, railroad freight could be charged favorable eastern rates while western rates could also be accessed. This gave the city an advantage over in-state communities.</p><br>
<p>The freight house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its association with the commercial development of Davenport, Iowa. After being renovated in the 1990s, The Freight House has seen a variety of uses, such as a comedy club, sports bar, piano bar, and restaurant. Currently, the freight house is home to several small businesses featuring locally grown items, such as a deli, a grocery hub, and a tap room for a local brewery.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is rectangular in shape and built of brick with concrete floors and columns. The eastern end is two stories and held the offices. The west end held the warehouse storage space in a single story. The facility was located between the rail siding and thoroughfare where cargo could be easily transferred from one transportation system to another.</p><br>
<p>Burke County Courthouse in Waynesboro, Georgia is a "carpenter Romanesque"  building completed in 1857. It is one of just four courthouses in Georgia that were built in the 1850s and still serve as courthouses. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. L.F. Goodrich is credited as the building&#39;s architect  and he also designed the Jenkins County Courthouse in Millen, Georgia.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story structure built of red brick that is covered with a gritty cement-like mixture "scored to look like very perfect brick&quot this treatment does not appear on any other Georgia courthouse but does appear on the Hay House in Macon, Georgia. It has a clock tower that rises in five stages to a pyramidal roof with pedimented clocks. A two-story annex was built in 1940 and joined by an open bridge on two levels at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>Boat Harbour is a body of water on the Northumberland Strait in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. Originally a tidal bay, construction of an effluent treatment facility in the 1960s led to it becoming a polluted lake and the source of ongoing environmental concern. Treated water takes about 30 days to reach the Northumberland Strait. Since the treatment system began operation in 1967, Boat Harbour has become polluted with dioxins, furans, chloride, mercury and other toxic heavy metals. It is considered to be one of Nova Scotia&#39;s worst cases of environmental racism.</p><br>
<p>Boat Harbour is fed by several freshwater streams from spruce woodlands. Known as A&#39;se&#39;k (pronounced Ah-Sagg) in the Mi&#39;kmaq language, it was historically used by First Nations people for fishing, clam digging, hunting and recreation, as well as a harbour for boats used to fish in the Northumberland Strait. Pictou Landing First Nation have their main reserve, Fisher&#39;s Grant 24, adjacent to Boat Harbour, and two other unpopulated reserves nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Effluent treatment facility</h2><br>
<p>In the 1960s a kraft pulp mill was constructed by Scott Paper Company at Abercrombie Point, 4 km to the west. Keen to promote economic growth, the provincial government led by Robert L. Stanfield agreed to take responsibility for effluent leaving the mill for a period of thirty years, and turned Boat Harbour into a settling pond by constructing a dam across its mouth. Pictou Landing First Nation were compensated $65,000 for lost fishing opportunities and future use of the Harbour. As soon as the mill began operation all aquatic life died and the water level rose by 2–3 m (6–10 ft), In 1971 two settling ponds and an aerated stabilisation basin were constructed where the effluent entered the lagoon. In 1975 a pipeline replaced the ditch that effluent flowed through before entering the system.</p><br>
<p>Settled material from the facility is normally dredged and buried off-site, but some has been dried and burned in the mill&#39;s power boiler under &#39;test permits&#39;.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 the Pictou Landing Band began considering legal options, but it wasn&#39;t until 1986 that they filed against the federal government, their position strengthened by the 1984 case of R v Guerin in which the Supreme Court of Canada confirmed the government&#39;s fiduciary duty to status Indians. In 1993 the federal government settled out of court for $35 million, some of which was paid to individual band members and some to a trust fund for future use. In 1995 the provincial government agreed to extend its contract with the mill to handle the effluent, and in return to handover nearby Crown Lands to the band. It also agreed to close the facility in 2005 and return the harbour to its natural condition.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 the mill was taken over by Kimberly-Clark and in 2003 they agreed with the Band to extend treatment beyond the 2005 deadline, by piping effluent directly from the aerated settling pond to the Northumberland Strait where it would be released on the ebb tide, and to return Boat Harbour to a tidal state. However, the mill was purchased in 2004 by Neenah Paper who were not inclined to spend capital on water treatment, and following concerns from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans over the environmental consequences of the pipeline, that plan was cancelled in 2005. In 2008 the province decided to extend the discharge license on a month-by-month basis. The following month the mill was purchased by Northern Pulp, a shell company for Asia Pulp and Paper, an arm of the Indonesian conglomerate Sinar Mas. The Progressive Conservative government of the time agreed to close Boat Harbour and build a new facility, but when the New Democrats came to power in 2009 negotiations ceased. Following that government&#39;s decision to provide $90 million assistance to the mill to purchase woodland and improve air treatment systems but do nothing about Boat Harbour, the First Nation filed an action in the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia.</p><br>
<p>In June 2014 the pipeline carrying effluent from the mill to the treatment facility ruptured, causing 47 million litres (10 million gal) of effluent to spill into a wetland and thence to the East River and Pictou Harbour. The mill owners were charged under the Fisheries Act and fined $225,000 which was to be distributed equally to three conservation organizations. Following protests by the First Nation over this spill, the Provincial Government passed the Boat Harbour Act 2015 to the effect that effluent treatment must cease no later than January 31, 2020. A Provincial Crown Corporation, Nova Scotia Lands, Inc. is responsible for remediation of the site. A pilot project was undertaken in 2017 to test options for handling the clean up which will involve removing an estimated 350,000 m&sup3; of contaminated material and returning the lagoon to a tidal estuary at an estimated cost of $133 million.</p><br>
